If one looks at the basenji, one sees what should be a tough little dog, free of exaggeration in conformation or type. It looks like it had been entirely selected by the processes of natural selection.
Although capable of barking, it very rarely does so, and when it does, it is just a short little woof. In this regard, it is very much like the wolf or the dingo. The bitches have one heat cycle per year.
It is almost like a wild animal, so one would think that there wouldn’t have been a healthier breed to own.
Unfortunately, all that you have just read is nothing more than an appeal to nature fallacy. All the natural appearances are superficial.
Basenjis in the West are just like any other breed of dog. They have a limited number of foundational sires, and when one gets involved in producing quality dogs for the show ring, the tendency is to use just a few members of the population to produce offspring. With a closed studbook, all sorts of new hereditary problems began to surface.
But unlike other breeds of dog, the basenji started out with a very small population in the West. Just 18 or 19 dogs founded the original basenji population. That is a pathetically small number on which to found an entire breed.
By the late 1980’s, basenjis were in a lot of trouble. In 1989, Dr. Russell Brown of Virginia Commonwealth University sent a letter to the AKC Board explaining why the basenji needed to have its studbook reopened.
The AKC eventually opened the studbook to allow new blood to be imported from the Congo. This is actually where the brindle coloration that has popped up in the basenji came from.
It is often mentioned that basenjis are quite common in Africa. One must be careful with such assertions, because basenjis have peculiar traits that are actually not that common in the African pariah dog population. This needs to be repeated, for there are assumptions that just about African village dog with prick ears and a curled tail is a basenji.
It ain’t so.
This is not a contrived breed. It’s not like the West Highland white terrier, the golden retriever, and the Norfolk terrier, which have all been separated from their closest relatives on what amounts to little more than superficial reasons.
This is an actual landrace that is native to Central Africa. It may superficially resemble other pariah dogs that are found in other parts of Africa.
But those dogs bark a lot and the bitches have two heat cycles per year. From what I’ve seen, most of these dogs really don’t have the curled tails of the show basenji or even loosely curled tails that one sometimes sees on African basenjis.
Any population of dogs that rarely barks and has but one heat cycle per year is clearly different from other dogs, no matter how one looks at it. These dogs are physically and behaviorally unique.
To rejuvenate the bloodline, African dogs indeed were allowed in. These dogs had the same traits that we associate with dogs of this type, and some of the health problems are indeed being mitigated.
But what the basenji story actually tells us is what happens when we allow just a tiny population of dogs to found a breed and then close off the studbook.
Basenjis were nearly ruined through such an extreme genetic bottleneck. They may yet be redeemed through these African imports. I certainly hope so, for the basenji is such a unique dog that I think it is very much worth preserving.
Its unique characteristics give us insight into what the early dogs might have been like. The inheritance of its barklessness was actually tested by Fuller and Scott, when they crossed basenjis with cocker spaniels. It turned out that barking was a dominant trait, but the number of barks that a basenji/cocker will give is still somewhat lower than that of a pure cocker. That study suggested that the constant barking trait that so characterizes other dogs could have easily been transmitted through the populations of domestic dogs very early on.
And all of these genetic disorders certainly do give us something else to examine.
The African dogs lived very well for thousands of years. They evolved to fit a particular task and a particular climate. But when our dog culture picked them up, things just didn’t turn out that well.
Maybe the future will be better for these African “barkless dogs.” But we have to be very careful about these registries. We don’t need to ensure the genetic viability and general health of all of these dogs. We have to start thinking in such a way for all of these dog breeds.
If we don’t, the potential exists for even more problems like the basenji was facing in the 1980’s. In fact, this potential is almost a certainty if we don’t starting thinking differently.
Dogs are organisms, but our cultural backage winds up having major effects upon them, whether we like it or not. Our inability to understand them as organism with need for sustainable gene pools is a major problem for the long term viability of the domesticated form of C. lupus.
If we could just start thinking this way, maybe we could have a better future for dogs.
But we have to change our dog culture, and that is going to take time.
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Basenjis are hardly the most extreme case. The Norwegian lundehunds (the polydactyl puffin hunting dogs) are derived from just six dogs that survived a distemper outbreak that happened during the Second World War. All of these dogs have the genetics to develop an extremely debilitating set of digestive disorders called lundehund gastroenteropathy in which digestive bacteria grow out of control, preventing the dogs from deriving nutrients from food. Some dogs never develop symptoms, but others eat and eat and never get enough nutrients.
Open registries are not the solution for all problems solving dogs. Lots of things have to be done to solve these problems. Opening registries alone will not save them in the end. However, if we don’t open them, we will be doing very little to solve the macro-level problems that are making breed after breed less healthy.
The registry issue is systemic, which means that it is sometimes harder for people to understand. It is also the biggest sacred cow in the fancy– purity for purity’s sake. To even suggest that this problem is the greater systemic problem in dogs is a great heresy.
But not everyone in the fancy is entirely in love with it. I think the number of people who love dogs as dogs in the fancy is much larger than you might assume from reading this blog or others.
Within the fancy itself, there are people who want something better and who are articulating it and pushing for it.
Bit by bit, change will come.
For those of you who want a better future for dogs, please know that you’re not alone. It’s starting to happen.
In the public consciousness, the AKC doesn’t mean what it once it did. When people think AKC, they think of unhealthy purebred dogs. It doesn’t mean golden. It means gilded.
That’s a major branding problem.
It’s one I’m sure the AKC doesn’t want to have.
It’s also why the AKC is losing out market share the paper mill registries. If the AKC is just a paper mill, then why can’t Jim Bob down the road start his own?
In the end, we have no quality control or consumer protection institution for dogs in the United States.
We are lost.
We have to do this research for ourselves, which, thanks to Google, means that it isn’t as hard as it once was.
But I still think we need some kind of body, even at the breed and function-based level, to have some sort of regulating or quality control influence over breeders. I’m not in favor of new laws. I’m in favor of a better system in which dog people regulate themselves.
We need an open registry system, but we don’t need one in which people are inclined to do crazy crosses just for the hell of it.
And that’s my dilemma.
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In case you were getting ready to dispute me on whether basenjis can bark:
I wonder whether living around “normal” dogs has any effect on that behavior. I remember reading about some wild-caught wolves that were kept in a kennel with lots of barking domestic dogs. The younger wolves in the pack started barking like dogs.
Barking does have a learned component to it. I knew a Dalmatian that joined a household that included a mongrel beagle. This beagle had a tendency to great everyone with a baying howl.
After about two weeks, the Dalmatian was trying to make that noise– very unsuccessfully.
Maybe some basenjis are learning let loose a few barks here and there just to fit in.
Hi Retrieverman,
got a bit lost in your post (it was long) and you seem to have quite a bit to say about a couple of different topics.
i’m one of those off-the-beaten track people who happen to have a long term pariah morphotype from the Western Desert of Egypt, that most closely resembles a Basenji. We’re still living here btw.
She barks. She also sings – we were having a great time today doing a very out-of-tune rendition of Queen’s Bohemian Rhapsody. And she is very instinctive in her behaviour and quite stand-offish around true domestic dogs.
Funnily enough, she is black with tan markings at her neck, four white tipped paws and tail, and a white chest. She has a double curl tail (she’s now 4 months old and it curls almost twice), and very straight upward pointing ears – straight off the wall of a pharaoh’s tomb.
But the interesting point to note is actually the characteristics of other wild dogs that live close to us, of which some are certainly her relatives. None of them have her curly tail, although one or two have a slightly curled tail, one has black coat and the white paws and chest, most are tan and have upward pointing tails, and one has the long bushy tail of the Israeli Canaan pariah. And their ears can be almost straight up or one floppy, one straight, but not straight like our little gal’s.
She also has foreleg dewclaws and her second and third toe pads are joined at the base.
And she’s the one dog, when you see her compared to the others around, that stands out as a beauty (owner prejudice aside :D )
She’s nothing more than genetic coincidence, because there are no European dogs (of any variety) wandering about around here, but still, it’s worthwhile considering to what extent those early Basenji breeders came across genetic coincidences like her and decided to take them back to Europe to create a European version of this African pariah dog, because they had a similar kind of beauty.
It would be fun to do some genetic testing on her, and compare it to a modern day Basenji, in any case when it comes time to packing up and transferring back to Europe, she won’t be listed as a desert dog, but as a Basenji; she’s the genetic forebear of the breed.
Let me know if you would like a photo of her for your site :)
The ancestral African dog came from the Middle East. In fact, all dogs were probably originally domesticated from Middle Eastern wolves. Study here. I have a small piece on the study in the summer issue of The Bark.
A study came out a few months ago that you might find interesting: http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/32275502
It’s very contentious right now. Because there is a competing study that says dogs are from southern China.
Yes. Please e-mail me a photo of your dog -retrieverman1 (at) yahoo (dot) com.
You might also find this website interesting:
http://www.africanis.co.za/africanis-society.htm
My other area of interest with these sorts of dogs is whether they have jackal in them (probably unlikely), but they may have probably interbred with golden jackals and affected their evolution in some way.
What I’m describing as a basenji is a particular landrace from Central Africa, which definitely has Egyptian origins, that rarely barks and has one heat cycle per year. It does look like the dogs on the hieroglyphics.
From my two Basenji… I learned that they can indeed learn to bark from other dogs. But its different from any other dog. Most times it morphed into a yodeling sing song with some halting barks thrown in for good measure.
And to this day… they seemed more catlike in behavior than anything doglike. My Brindle boy would even climb trees. If the trunk was small enough to grasp with its forelimbs it would then shuffle up using its hind limbs in a push and grab sort of motion. It sure did make life difficult for the cats who liked to hunt on our property. One Basenji to chase them out of the tree and another waiting at the bottom.
for wolves barking see http://vimeo.com/53969
I’ve always wondered if the barking came about as a modification of the howling or if the emphasis on territorialism and danger alerts (which do elicit barking by wolves) didn’t modify the vocalizations of early dogs.
I’ve gotten some of my Belgians to “sing along” with good quality tapes of wolves howling. And when I had my pack of 5, they would counter coyote calls with their own “pack howl”. Barks sometimes became howl/barking just like a wolf. But I haven’t yet gotten any of my Belgians to sing /howl quite as sweetly as some wolf songs are.
On the other hand, probably some of my neighbors are grateful that my dogs are NOT especially vocal. I have only one barker and she drives me nuts at times. She’s the only one I’ve had in 30 years, and I’m hoping to be able to select puppies that don’t have her tendency.
I think that it is likely that the foundation Basenji may well have been selected from a small group that may or may not have been especially typical of the general African dog population. As for the 12 foundation dogs — well, probably the thing that saved Belgians was the opening of the registries following WWI and WWII — you ought to look at the tiny number of foundation dogs for them. Maybe one can convince AKC someday to open their registry. Unlike the Basenji, however, it would probably be difficult to find a farm dog in Belgium or France that was more or less an unregistered but reasonable representative of the original herding dogs of Belgium and the immediate areas nearby.
Peggy Richter.
Thank you, Retrieverman, for posting this–a lot of people do not realize that Basenjis are unique from the common(though similar in appearance) pariah dogs of Africa. They developed quite isolated for many years–obviously centuries–to have retained the early primitive dog characteristics, which are quite unique and rare in the modern dog world, making Basenjis especially worthy of preserving if only for study sakes. They are unique in various behaviours, too, as well as genetically. Central Africa is under assault at this time, the rain forest, wildlife, and indigenous cultures(among which are the last of the hunting/gathering pygmies, among whom it is believed to be where Basenjis originated), and true examples of Basenjis are dissapearring as well, alas. I have also encountered very negative attitudes from some people about the pointlessness of bringing new bloodlines into the breed simply to have the descendants end up as conformation show dogs–but this is a very narrow and pessimistic view in my opinion–I personally was THRILLED when the Basenji people did this(and continue to do so), not only as the most positive, sensible thing an AKC club has done in their entire history(and therefore to be encouraged, not disparaged), but because MY chances of getting a healthy, true Basenji type as a pet/companion/hunter were greatly increased! My first Basenji was from the original, highly inbred stock–a wonderful woods companion, and very healthy until his 10th year, when he developed the common urinary tract problems inherent in the breed, and died a slow, painful death, breaking my heart. My next Basenji(a brindle–super addition to the “accepted” colors in the breed now) has recent African origins, and has shown no sign of genetic problems, and hopefully never will. Though these little feral-natured boogers are NOT for everyone(I tell people thinking of getting a Basenji–you do NOT get a Basenji to get a dog–you get a Basenji to get a Basenji!!!!), they fit like a glove into my lifestyle–I LOVE having tough little dogs that can rip through the brush, hunt ANYTHING, and are silent–a great characteristic when you need to keep a low profile when roaming, and don’t want to alert all the game and humans around of your prescence. I personally also just enjoy learning and comparing primitive dog types with my other many dogs–neither of my Basenjis have become more “barky” being around my other, more modern breeds, though they happily join in in howling sessions with the pack!