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Let the pants pooping begin

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This is John Gabriel’s Internet Dickwad Theory:

Guess what total dickwads in the bulldog breed aren’t going to be getting from here?

That’s right.

You’ll be banned. I’ll remove all comments.

People come to this blog to learn, not listen to a bunch of chavs with poor spelling and grammar skills insult me.

If you think you’re going to shut down a blog as popular as this one, you’re delusional.

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The discovery of wolves in Senegal and a new species complex in the genus Canis

Canis lupus lupaster, the African wolf. Photo by Cécile Bloch.

It wasn’t long ago that wolves were thought to be found only in Europe, Asia, and North America.

However, there were always wolf-like golden jackals that had scientists perplexed for many years.

Earlier texts listed these animals as Canis lupus lupaster, usually called the Egyptian wolf, but by the late twentieth century, it was assumed that they were nothing more than wolf-like golden jackals. The scientific name for this wolf-like golden jackal was Canis aureus lupaster.

Then, in the January of last year, a study that compared the mitochondrial DNA of wolves and golden jackals, including these wolfish ones, revealed that the wolfish jackals were not golden jackals at all.

Instead, it was found that they represented a primitive mitochondrial lineage within Canis lupus.

So they were wolves after all.

However, that study also revealed that these wolves were also found in Ethiopia. Not to be confused with the critically endangered Ethiopian wolf (Canis simensis), the African wolves were an early branch of the Canis lupus species that invaded Africa and then became genetically isolated from the main wolf lineages of Eurasia and North America. This exact same issue exists with Himalayan and certain wolves from the Indian subcontinent. Their mitochondrial lineages are very old.

The discovery of Canis lupus wolves in Ethiopia was a bit of a shock, and the question that everyone want to know was exactly how extensive the African wolf’s range was.

Golden jackals are widely distributed over much of North and East Africa, as well as much of southern Asia, including the Caucasus, They are also found in the Middle East up into Turkey and into Europe as far north and west as Hungary.

However, there was a distinct possibility that some of these “golden jackals” were actually wolves.

And that’s exactly what has been found.

In the West African nation of Senegal, there are wolfish golden jackals and more gracile golden jackals.

And a recent study in PLoS ONE looked at some mitochondrial DNA samples from both types of golden jackal from Mali, Algeria, and Senegal and compared them with samples from wolves and other species from the genus Canis, including golden jackals from East Africa and India.  The study found that there were four main mtDNA lineages in Canis lupus:  a Holarctic wolf and domestic dog lineage, a lineage for certain wolves from the Indian subcontinent, a lineage that included certain wolves from the Himalayas, and an African wolf lineage.

Canids with the African wolf lineage were documented in Mali and Algeria, but the ones in Senegal were actually subjected to an intensive field survey.

It was discovered that the African wolves had very different body language from typical golden jackals in the region. African wolves are quite aggressive toward golden jackals, but they have different ways of expressing that aggression than one normally sees in golden jackals.

Wolfish threat posture from an African wolf (Canis lupus lupaster) on the left. More golden jackalish or coyote-ish threat posture from a Senegalese golden jackal on the right.

To make things even more interesting, it was discovered that some Senegalese golden jackals– animals that look and act like golden jackals instead of African wolves– have African wolf mtDNA.

That means that African wolves and golden jackals do interbreed.

And that also means we’ve just discovered a Canis lupus/Canis aureus species complex!

We still haven’t determined how much crossbreeding between golden jackals and African wolves has occurred, and we still haven’t looked at their nuclear DNA markets to see if they are more extensively crossbred with each other.

This study also found a wide variance in mtDNA between golden jackals in East Africa and India, which also needs to be examined.

The study found that African wolves are the oldest mtDNA lineage within Canis lupus.  It doesn’t necessarily mean that wolves evolved in Africa, but it does show that African isolation has done fairly good job in preserving this lineage.

These findings almost beg for a study that examines a large sample of nuclear DNA, if not something like the genome-wide comparisons that were performed on wolves and coyotes.

So wolves do exist in Africa, and they aren’t just in East and North Africa.

They are in West Africa, too!

See related posts:

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Glatting

These dogs are glatting.

What?

Yes. These dogs are glatting.

Glatting, very simply put, these dogs were hunting for conger eels.

Conger eels are fairly common on England’s west coast, and these particular dogs were being sent after the congers in Somerset.

Gamekeepers believed the congers were a threat to salmon stock, so they would organize large glatting forays on the coast.

They used spaniels and retrievers for this purpose.

The last big glatting foray happened in 1955.

These dogs appear to be Labrador crosses.

 

When the dogs would indicate the presence of a conger eel, the men would come with long poles made from ash to pry away the stones. Congers are known to be nasty biters, so it was important that they not use their bare hands for that purpose. Normally, the eel, now exposed, would take off for the water.  And then it would be a mad dash to get the conger into a sack.

It was kind of like aquatic “terriering.”

(All photos courtesy of Nara Uusihanni).

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Deer season in the North Atlantic

Where I live, deer season is fairly close to a religious rite.

Schools, including most colleges and universities, shut down for the week, which also coincides with the Thanksgiving holiday in late November.

We always just called it the “deer season break.”  Thanksgiving and turkeys were a second thought.

During this week, lots of white-tailed deer become jerky and steak and processed patties.  Some with “big horns” become wall mounts.

It’s natural food, organic, locally grown, no antibiotics or artificial hormones.

Just white-tailed deer in its natural state.

I have no real problem with this yearly rite. Indeed, it’s one in which I participate.

So how on earth can I criticize the Faroese?

Who are the Faroese?

Well, Faroese is adjective given to inhabitants of the Faroe Islands in the northeastern Atlantic Ocean between the Shetland Islands and Iceland. The islands are under Danish sovereignty, and Faroese are descended from Norse ( and Irish and northern and insular Scots) who came there during the Dark Ages.

These islands are very limited in what they can produce.

They have always grazed sheep and cattle on their islands, but those animals alone could not sustain them.

So they turned to the sea for food.

Among the ocean animals they consume are pilot whales.

And herein lies the problem.

Now, the pilot whale harvest is strictly regulated.  These harvests, called grinds ( pronounced “grinneds”), are strictly regulated affairs.

The whalers can only hunt whales that come close to shore. And they can only drive them when the weather conditions are right.

They drive them to shore using stones attached to lines, which are thrown behind the whales to make them move in the desired direction.

When the whales get close to the beach, they are hauled ashore using blunt gaffs. The gaffs grip the blowhole, and whale is hauled on land.  Then, someone comes in with a specially designed whaling knife (Grindaknívur) that is used to sever the whale’s spinal cord, through a cut through the cervical vertebrae.

The pilot whale is normally dead within 30 seconds.

The whalers sometimes take bottlenose, white-sided, and white-beaked dolpins in this same manner, and if they happen to run into some harbor porpoises, they dispatch them with shotguns.

Everything about a grind is strictly regulated– with great emphasis on animal welfare and the notion of a sustainable harvest.

They aren’t trying to destroy pilot whale numbers.

That’s the last thing they want.

They want pilot whales to continue swimming in the ocean near their islands.

They want those whales there every bit as much as West Virginians want white-tailed deer around.

It’s certainly true that whale meat is very high in mercury and cadmium, and physicians now recommend that Faroese limit how much pilot whale they eat.

But it still can be eaten.

Of course, this sort of behavior incenses the various animal rights groups that pretend to be about conservation.

And here, I’m talking about the Sea Shepherd Conservation Society.

Now, you’d think that if a conservation society was opposed to a hunt, it would be because those animals are endangered.

Well, there is no evidence that long-finned pilot whales are endangered.

None.

The real issue for conservationists is that these whales have so much cadmium and mercury in them.

We should be really upset that our oceans are this polluted.

Real conservationists would be making common cause with the Faroese to make our seas freer of pollution. The Faroese have an actual  reason to want the oceans cleaner. It’s not just a poorly thought out cause célèbre from someone in Los Angeles, London, or Toronto.

Ensuring that our oceans are safe to produce food for maritime peoples ought to be as much a human rights issue as it is an ecological one.

But that’s not what you’re getting from the Sea Shepherds or other self-styled conservation/animal rights organizations in the English-speaking world.

Never mind that in the English-speaking countries all sorts of ecological evils are being perpetrated.

Those issues are much harder to fundraise off of.

No, it’s much more lucrative to raise hell and lots of money about some people in a land you’ve never heard of, who you’ll never meet, and whose culture you’ll never try to understand.

But I’ve yet to see anything about the grinds that would upset me.

Because what I am actually seeing something very similar to deer season.

It’s a hunt for wild meat.

It’s not a drive to make a species extinct.

It’s about a people taking responsibility for their own food, and understanding that meat doesn’t come in plastic wrap.

It comes from a flesh-and-blood creature.

One that died so that you can live.

Nothing is more humbling than that.

What I see is a people reconnecting with both nature and their own past.

I don’t see murderous barbarians.

I see people comfortable in their own humanity and their own natures– from which they have happily chosen not to alienate themselves the way so many of us have.

They may make the waves crimson with blood when they kill the whales.

But in doing so, they reconnect with the old ways.

There was a time when all humans killed to survive.

Blood dripped from our faces and hands.

And we knew that the blood meant life.

Extinguishing the life of a prey species meant the satiation of hunger and good quality nutrition to power our growing brains.

But now, we’ve removed ourselves from the cycles of life and death.

We think we can legislate or moralize away all the death that happens so that we can eat well.

The truth is we can’t.

We can only make the death more humane.

We ultimately deny our humanity when we deny or try to find ways around this essential fact.

We’ve become too disconnected.

It’s a good thing there are still people like the Faroese who try to reconnect.

Even if they get defamed for it.

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The theme song of the last ten years

Source

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A good look at a gray fox

This trapper is very well-informed about gray foxes!  It’s very rare to get such a nice examination of one from someone who does actually know what he’s talking about.

Source.

NB: Animal rights related comments and/or those that disparage trapping will not be approved for this post. You were warned.

The purpose of this post was for you to learn about gray foxes with demonstrations of actual specimens. It is not to have a bizarre and unproductive discussion about how awful trapping is or how awful I am for not being opposed to it.

And yes, he does catch the vixen!

Source.

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Identify the species

The Answer: The Cozumel or Pygmy Raccoon.

 

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An argument based upon a false analogy

I’ve actually run into this statement quite a bit:

We can’t know much about dogs by studying wolves. It’s about as much as we could find out about human behavior while studying chimps and bonobos.

That’s a cute one!

Unfortunately, it’s a bad analogy.

Dogs are not to wolves as humans are to chimps and bonobos.

Dogs are to wolves what modern humans are to archaic Homo sapiens.

It’s also not dogs are to wolves as humans are to Neanderthals. That analogy would be dogs are to coyotes, golden jackals, or Ethiopian wolves as humans are to Neanderthals (and maybe Denisovans and other descendants of Homo erectus). Same genus. Chemically interfertile.  Not the same species.

We can actually learn quite a bit about ourselves by studying humans who were around until 30,000 years ago but were much more robust than any living person.

The line that divides modern humans from archaic Homo sapiens is quite fuzzy, just as it is with defining the difference between dogs and wolves.

Contrary to what you may have read, the line separating dog and wolf is very, very fuzzy. There are doggish wolves and wolfish dogs, and the only physical features separating them are that wolves (at least  of the northern subspecies) lack sweat glands on the feet and dogs don’t have an active supracaudal gland. There are dogs that have brains that are proportionally the same size as those of southern wolves, which are the main source for modern domestic dogs.

There have been wolves  that were tamed at 6 weeks, and even fully grown adults have been tamed.

And there are dogs that are so nervous and hard to handle that they might as well be wild animals.

Humans are not chimpanzees or bonobos.

We’re actually much more different from them than dogs are from wolves.

For example, most people would never want to breed with a chimp, and humans, unlike male chimps, typically only attempt to devour the faces of other humans while high on bath salts.

However, there are plenty of cases of dogs and wolves interbreeding. Studies of free-roaming dogs and wolves in Italy found that female wolves that had not yet found a mate, would often solicit the attention of male dogs while in estrus.

Most single women don’t want to go on a date with a chimpanzee!

(Though bonobos, well, they are the doctors of love.)

When I see someone using this analogy, it makes me wince.

I know people are trying hard to fight the Cesar Millan-malarkey out there.

But too often, I see these anti-lupomorph or dominance theorists making claims that are just as bad as anything you’d hear from the Dog Whisperer.

Let’s try to get our analogies right.

Let’s understand what we’re actually opposing.

It’s not the entire phylogeny of Canis lupus familiaris.

Just because idiots use that Canis lupus part of the scientific name to make stupid arguments doesn’t mean that you should reflexively reject it.

We’re not exactly the same thing we were 30,000 years ago.

Neither are dogs. (And really, neither are wolves).

Evolution is about change. It’s almost the entire definition of the phenomenon.

But just because things change doesn’t mean analogies don’t work.

It just means they have to be correct.

You can learn more about us by looking at our more immediate ancestors than from animals that derive from more distant ones.

You can know more about your potential health problems by looking at your parents and grandparents than you great-great-great-great-great grandpa.

In terms of its phylogeny, a dog is a wolf.

It’s not anything else.

One cannot evolve out of one’s phylogeny.  One can only evolve from it.

Dogs and modern wolves evolved from ancient wolves.

If we saw these animals today, we’d call them wolves, though they’d likely be much more willing to approach us than modern wolves are. They might even be readily tamed and actively seek us out as social partners.

Dogs underwent selection pressures to become more and more incorporated into human society. Most wolves experienced selection pressures that selected for extreme fear and reactivity– the result of all those centuries of persecution by our species.

I doubt that archaic Homo sapiens would have ever fit into urban life. Some of them might, but most would not.

It doesn’t mean that they were a different species from us.

It just means that there were lineages of our species that were adapted to an entirely different lifestyle and potential future.

That’s the difference between wolves and dogs.

They aren’t as different from each other as humans and other great ape species are.

But there are differences.

Nuanced, fuzzy differences.

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Bobwhite on the barbed wire

In theory, bobwhites are found all over West Virginia.

In reality, I’ve never seen a wild one here.

They used to be fairly common in the early and middle parts of the twentieth century.

Which was well before my time.

These birds prefer cultivated land with brushy areas between fields.

That’s not what West Virginia looks like now.

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